ABSTRACT
Background: Breast's Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), which is the commonest type of malignancy in females worldwide, can be characterized using immunohistochemistry in view of personalized cancer therapy. In this study, we aimed to determine the pattern of immunohistochemical profiles of IDC using oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2) and proliferative index (Ki-67) biomarkers in our tertiary healthcare facility in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria given the dearth of its data in our environment. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective hospital-based immunohistochemical study of archival IDC tissue blocks over a four- and half-year period. Using systematic random sampling method, 64 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) IDC tissue blocks were selected for this study. We carried out immunohistochemical evaluation using ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 biomarkers. Subsequently, we presented the results and classification schemes as text, tables, graphs, and photomicrographs. Results: We found that the proportion of expressions were ER-negative (88.7%), PR-negative (87.3%), HER2-negative (68.3%) and Ki-67 (<20%) being 83.6% respectively. The immunohistochemical-based classification which was done using combined immunohistochemical profiles of ER/PR/HER2 and ER/PR/HER2/Ki-67 biomarkers respectively, revealed five immunohistochemical-based subtypes. These subtypes were ER-positive luminal A (ER+/±PR+/HER2-) [5.56%], ER-positive luminal B (ER+/±PR+/HER2+) [5.56%], HER2-overexpression (ER-/±PR+/HER2+) [16.66%], Triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) [66.67%] and Unclassified subtypes (ER-/PR+/HER2-) [5.56%]. Furthermore, these five subtypes were further subcategorized into low (Ki-67 <20%) and high (Ki-67 ≥20%) proliferation subtypes accordingly. Conclusion: The commonest pattern of immunohistochemical profile expression of IDC in Uyo was found to be the Triple negative subtype.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Immunohistochemistry , Carcinoma, Ductal , Carcinoma , Flow Profiles , Triple Negative Breast NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), an ‘over the counter’ supplement, has numerous physiological functions and it is found in high concentrations in the brain. The effect of vitamin C on cognitive memory and visuospatial memory was studied using the Novel Object recognition task (NORT) and the Morris water maze (MWM) respectively. Twenty Swiss white albino (CD1) mice, within the age of 90-120 days, were randomly divided into two groups of ten mice each. Mice in group 1 served as the control and so received normal saline orally while the other group received vitamin C (200 mg/kg) orally for 21 days. All animals had access to feed and water ad libitum. Behavioural testing started on day 21. There was no significant difference in swim latencies between the control and test groups in the MWM though there was a uniform reduction in swim latency in both groups during acquisition and reversal training days. There also was no significant difference in quadrant duration and swim latencies of both groups in the probe trial and the visible platform task. The habituation index is significantly higher in the test group compared to control in the short term inter trial interval of the Novel Object recognition task (NORT). However there was no significant difference in the index of habituation in both groups in the long term inter trial interval of the NORT. There also was a significantly higher index of discrimination in the vitamin C treated group compared to control in the short term inter trial interval of the NORT. There was no significant difference in the index of discrimination in the long term inter trial interval of the NORT. Vitamin C did not affect learning as both groups learned equally well during training in the MWM. It also did not affect visuospatial memory. However, Vitamin C improved short term cognitive memory in the NORT.
ABSTRACT
Amodiaquine and artesunate are two antimalarial drugs sold in combination as Larimalr'. This drug is a very effective artemisinin-base combination. This study was to access the effects of amodiaquine and artesunate combination on the histology of the cerebellum. Twenty adult Wistar rats weighing between 150-180g were divided into four groups (A; B; C and D) of five animals each. Group A served as the control and the animals received distilled water; while group B received 8.75+2.86mg/kg of amodiaquine and artesunate combination for three days; group C received 8.75+2.86mg/kg of amodiaquine and artesunate combination for six days and group D received 17.50+5.71mg/kg of amodiaquine and artesunate combination for three days. Histological sections showed destruction of the Purkinje cortical layers in group B; with increased destructions in groups C and D compared to the control. These results reveal that amodiaquine and artesunate combination causes histological alterations; which were dose and time dependent and these may result in cerebellar dysfunction